Active & Passive Voice in Hindi /Active से Passive में बदलने के मुख्य नियम | | Examples and Exercise

अंग्रेजी व्याकरण (Grammar) में Voice की महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका है। हमारे दैनिक जीवन में बोले जाने वाले वाक्यों में भी Active and Passive Voice का प्रयोग परिस्थिति के अनुसार किया जाता है। इस पोस्ट में Active and Passive voice को विस्तार से सीखेंगे

Table of Contents

What is Voice?

Verb का वैसा रूप जो यह अभिव्यक्त करता है कि कर्ता स्वयं कुछ कार्य करता है या कर्ता किसी कार्य के परिणाम का फल भोगता है उसे voice कहते है |

Such forms of verbs which express that subject does some action or subject suffers the result of another action.

अथवा

सरल भाषा में, कर्ता प्रत्यक्ष या अप्रत्यक्ष रूप में किसी कार्य के लिए जिम्मेवार होता है , उसे voice कहते है |

Subject is responsible for any work directly or indirectly.

Eg:- He killed a bird.

A bird was killed by him.

Two types of Voice

Active Voice:- वैसा वाक्य जिसमें Subject कि प्रधानता हो या subject किसी कार्य के लिए जिमेवार हो |

Such sentences which has priority of subject or subject is responsible for the action.

Structure – Subject + verb + object + Other Words

Eg:- He help the poor.

My friend respect you.

उदाहरण –

वह सेब खाता हैं। (he eats an apple.)
वह एक कहानी लिखती है। (she writes a story.)
मैं उसे नहीं जानता। (I don’t know him.)

उपरोक्त वाक्यों में He, She, I कर्ता (Subject) के रूप में हैं अतः जिस कार्य को कर्ता (subject) स्वयं करे वह active voice कहलाता है

Passive Voice:- वैसा वाक्य जिसमें Object कि प्रधानता हो या object किसी दुसरे व्यक्ति/वस्तु के द्वारा किये कार्य से प्रभावित हो |

A sentence in which the object has primacy or the object is influenced by the work done by another person/object.

Structure – Object + helping verb + V3 + By + Object + Other words

Eg:- The poor is helped by him. You are respected by my friend.

उदाहरण-

उसके द्वारा एक सेब खाया जाता है। (An apple is eaten by him.)
कहानी उसके द्वारा लिखी गई है। (A story is written by him/her.)
पत्र रीता ने लिखा था। (The letter was written by Rita.)

उपरोक्त वाक्यों में subject (कर्ता) के द्वारा होते हुए कार्य पर जोर दिया गया है, इसमें An apple, A story, The letter ऑब्जेक्ट के रूप में हैं तथा eaten और Written, verb हैं।

इसे को अच्छी तरह स्पष्ट करने के लिए हम एक उदाहरण को समझते हैं। हम बात को दो प्रकार से कह सकते हैं –

कर्ता पर जोर देते हुए जैसे –राम पहला अध्याय याद करता है। (Ram learns the first lesson.)
कर्म पर जोर देते हुए, जैसे –पहला अध्याय राम द्वारा याद किया जाता है। (The first lesson learnat by Ram.)

यहाँ पहला वाक्य Active voice (कर्तव्य वाच्य) और दूसरा वाक्य Passive voice (कर्मवाच्य) का है

Rama killed Ravana. (Active)

Ravana was killed by Rama. (Passive)

कर्तव्य वाच्य में कर्ता (Rama) प्रधान होता है और कर्मवाच्य में कर्म (Ravana) प्रधान होता है।

SOME GENERAL RULES FOR FORMING ACTIVE TO PASSIVE

Active Voice (A.V.) का object Passive Voice (P.V.) में subject के जगह पर प्रयुक्त होता है |
सहायक क्रिया (Auxillary verb) का प्रयोग A.V. के object के अनुसार करते है |
P.V. में हमेशा V³ का प्रयोग होता है |
सामान्यत: V³ के बाद By का प्रयोग होता है | (किसी किसी जगह पे नहीं होता है |)
P.V. में A.V. के subject का प्रयोग By के बाद होता है |
यदि A.V. का subject/object निम्न pronoun रहे तो वह P.V. में बदल जाता है |

Nominative case	Objective Case	Nominative case	Objective Case
I	Me	She	Her
We	Us	It	It
You	You	They	Them
He	Him	Name	Name

One, someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, no one, none, nobody, everyone, everybody, police, people, public, we and they A. V. के subject के रूप में रहें तो P. V. में इन्हें हटा दिया जाता है |

Special note:- यदि no one, nobody, none A.V. के subject के रूप में रहे तो इसका P.V. हमेशा negative में होता है |

Eg:– Someone helps him. He is helped.

Nobody helps him. He is not helped.

यदि A.V. का subject/object एक ही pronoun के जाति का हो तो P.V. में subject का प्रयोग नहीं होता है |

Eg:- He cut his tree. His tree was cut.

	Active Verbs	Passive Verbs
1	Present Indefinite Tense S/es, Do/Does	Are changed to- Is/am/are
2	Present Continuous Tense Is/am/are	Are changed to- Is being /am being / are being
3	Present Perfect Tense Has/have	Are changed to- Has been/have been
4	Past Indefinite Tense Verb 2nd form/ did	Are changed to- Was/were
5	Past Continuous Tense Was/were	Are changed to- Was being/were being
6	Past Perfect Tense Had	Is changed to- Had been
7	Future Indefinite Tense Will/shall	Are changed to- Will be
8	Future Perfect Tense Will have /shall have	Are changed to- Will have been

PASSIVE VOICE BASED ON TENSE

PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE STRUCTURE: –

	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Affirmative	S + V¹/V⁵+ O.	O+ Is/Am/Are+ V³+ By+ S.
Negative	S+ Do/Does+ Not+ V¹+O.	O+ Is/Am/Are + Not+ V³+ By+ S.
Interrogative	Do/Does+ S+ V¹+O ?	Is/Am/Are + O+ V³+ By+ S ?
Int+ Neg.	Do/Does+ S+ Not+ V¹+O ?	Is/Am/Are+ O+ Not+ V³+ By+ S ?
Wh-Question	Wh-Word + Do/Does+ S+ V¹+ O?	Wh-Word+ Is/Am/Are + O+ V³+ By+ S ?
Who (Aff)	Who + V⁵+ O?	By Whom + Is/Am/Are + O+ V³?

Example

Active Voice

Passive Voice

She sells radio and televisions.	Radio and televisions are sold by her.
Sonam often breaks the cup.	The cup is often broken by Sonam.
He does not help the poor.	The poor are not helped by him.
Does he help his wife?	Is his wife helped by him?
Do you not take tea?	Is tea not taken by you?
Why do they beat you?	Why are you beaten by them?
Why do you not like him?	Why is he not liked by you?
Who reads the book?	By whom is the book read?/ Who is the book read by?
Who does not save money?	By whom is money not saved?

Practice on Simple Present tense (Convert Active to Passive)

I help him.
Do you always tease her?
I don’t harm everyone.
He helps all the neighbors.
We expect good news.
Who teaches you all this?
People speak Hindi in Bihar.
I eat mangoes.
People speak English all over the world.
People always admire this kind of activity.
One uses milk for making curd and sweets.
We do not respect a dishonest man.
They make these types of furniture.
This boy always wins the prize.
Some people dress their children very badly.
People often take him for his brother.
He likes people to call him ‘sir’.
Why do you not help me?
I don’t know the reason of his admission.
Who teaches you physics?
What does she do?
Why do you not finish your homework?
Do all the students bring their books?
The police look into the case.
My father sends him five hundred rupees every month.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE STRUCTURE:-

	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Affirmative	S +Is/Am/Are+ V⁴+O.	O+Is/Am/Are+Being+V³+ By+S.
Negative	S+ Is/Am/Are + Not+V⁴+O.	O+ Is/Am/Are +Not+ Being+ V³+By+S.
Interrogative	Is/Am/Are + S+V⁴+O ?	Is/Am/Are + O+ Being+ V³+By+S ?
Int+ Neg.	Is/Am/Are + S+ Not+ V⁴+O ?	Is/Am/Are+ O+ Not+ Being+ V³+By+S ?
Wh-Question	Wh-Word+ Is/Am/Are + S+V⁴+O?	Wh-Word+ Is/Am/Are + O+ Being+ V³+By+S ?
Who (Aff)	Who+Is+V⁴+O?	By Whom + Is/Am/Are + O+ Being+ V³?

Example:-

Active Voice	Passive Voice
I am manufacturing a tyre.	A tyre is being manufactured by me.
He is not drinking milk.	Milk is not being drunk by him.
Is she watering the flowers?	Are the flowers being watered by her?
Is she not making a house?	Is a house not being made by her?
Why is she singing a song?	Why is a song being sung by her?
Who is reading the book?	By whom is the book being read?
Who is not saving money?	By whom is money not being saved?

Practice on Present continuous tense (Convert Active to Passive)

They are discussing the matter.
He is helping his mother.
Are you inviting her to tea?
I am taking tea.
Rimjhim is calling you.
How is he solving the sums?
They are picking some flowers.
Why are you wasting your time?
Is Mr. Prasad reading the Ramayana?
The farmer is not ploughing the field.
What is Sita doing?
Who is sending you these things?
Are these people beating the ball?
We are solving the problems.
The students are writing letters to their parents.
She is telling a lie.
Mukesh is driving a motorcar.
The tailor is sewing the clothes.
Scientist are making progress everyday in the world of science.
They are demolishing the entire block.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE STRUCTURE:-

	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Affirmative	S + Has/Have +V³+ O.	O+ Has/Have +Been+V³+ By+S.
Negative	S+ Has/Have + Not+V³+O.	O+ Has/Have +Not+ Been+V³+By+S.
Interrogative	Has/Have + S+V³+O ?	Has/Have + O+ Been+V³+By+S ?
Int+ Neg.	Has/Have + S+ Not+ V³+O ?	Has/Have + O+ Not+ Been+V³+By+S ?
Wh-Question	Wh-Word+ Has/Have + S+V³+O?	Wh-Word+ Has/Have + O+ Been+V³+By+S ?
Who (Aff)	Who+V³+O?	By Whom + Has/Have + O+ Been+ V³?

Eg:-

Active Voice	Passive Voice
I have read this essay.	This essay has been read by me.
They have not read the novel.	The novel has not been read by them.
Has she phoned him?	Has he been phoned by her?
Have you not told a lie?	Has a lie not been told by you?
When have you made a house?	When has a house been made by you?
Who has read a book?	By whom has the book been read?
Who has not read the book?	By whom has the book not been read?

Practice on Present Perfect Tense (Convert Active to Passive)

Somebody has pushed the chair into the corner.
He has always helped me.
Who has done it?
She has not forgiven me.
You have to complete it right now.
When has he done it?
Why has he abused me?
Have they hit you?
They have not sold it.
She has caught the thief.
Who has done the work?
Nobody has informed me.
Someone has stolen her goat.
Why has Binay not completed his work?
Have you taken your meal?
Australia has won the TVS cup.
The magistrate has sent him to jail.
They have invited me to the party.
You have not read the Gita.
They have spent all the money.