Electrical Symbols & Electronic Symbols

विद्युत प्रतीक और इलेक्ट्रॉनिक प्रतीक ग्राफिकल प्रतिनिधित्व हैं जिनका उपयोग सर्किट आरेख, योजनाबद्ध और अन्य तकनीकी चित्रों में विभिन्न विद्युत और इलेक्ट्रॉनिक घटकों, उपकरणों और कार्यों को चित्रित करने के लिए किया जाता है। इंजीनियरों, तकनीशियनों और इलेक्ट्रीशियनों के बीच सर्किट डिजाइन और संचार में स्पष्टता और स्थिरता सुनिश्चित करने के लिए इन प्रतीकों को मानकीकृत किया गया है। यहां कुछ सामान्य विद्युत और इलेक्ट्रॉनिक प्रतीक दिए गए हैं:

Table of Electrical Symbols

Wire Symbols

Symbol	Component name	Meaning

	Electrical Wire	Conductor of electrical current
	Connected Wires	Connected crossing
	Not Connected Wires	Wires are not connected

Switch Symbols and Relay Symbols

	Pushbutton Switch (N.O)	Momentary switch – normally open
	Pushbutton Switch (N.C)	Momentary switch – normally closed
	DIP Switch	DIP switch is used for onboard configuration
	SPST Relay	Relay open / close connection by an electromagnet
	SPDT Relay
	Jumper	Close connection by jumper insertion on pins.
	Solder Bridge	Solder to close connection

Ground Symbols

	Earth Ground	Used for zero potential reference and electrical shock protection.
	Chassis Ground	Connected to the chassis of the circuit
	Digital / Common Ground

Resistor Symbols

	Resistor (IEC)
	Potentiometer (IEEE)	Adjustable resistor – has 3 terminals.
	Potentiometer (IEC)
	Variable Resistor / Rheostat (IEEE)	Adjustable resistor – has 2 terminals.
	Variable Resistor / Rheostat (IEC)
	Trimmer Resistor	Preset resistor
	Thermistor	Thermal resistor – change resistance when temperature changes
	Photoresistor / Light dependent resistor (LDR)	Photo-resistor – change resistance with light intensity change

Capacitor Symbols

	Capacitor	Capacitor is used to store electric charge. It acts as short circuit with AC and open circuit with DC.
	Capacitor
	Polarized Capacitor	Electrolytic capacitor
	Polarized Capacitor	Electrolytic capacitor
	Variable Capacitor	Adjustable capacitance

Inductor / Coil Symbols

	Inductor	Coil / solenoid that generates magnetic field
	Iron Core Inductor	Includes iron
	Variable Inductor

Power Supply Symbols

	Voltage Source	Generates constant voltage
	Current Source	Generates constant current.
	AC Voltage Source	AC voltage source
	Generator	Electrical voltage is generated by mechanical rotation of the generator
	Battery Cell	Generates constant voltage
	Battery	Generates constant voltage
	Controlled Voltage Source	Generates voltage as a function of voltage or current of other circuit element.
	Controlled Current Source	Generates current as a function of voltage or current of other circuit element.

Meter Symbols

	Voltmeter	Measures voltage. Has very high resistance. Connected in parallel.
	Ammeter	Measures electric current. Has near zero resistance. Connected serially.
	Ohmmeter	Measures resistance
	Wattmeter	Measures electric power

Lamp / Light Bulb Symbols

	Lamp / light bulb	Generates light when current flows through
	Lamp / light bulb
	Lamp / light bulb

Diode / LED Symbols

	Diode	Diode allows current flow in one direction only – left (anode) to right (cathode).
	Zener Diode	Allows current flow in one direction, but also can flow in the reverse direction when above breakdown voltage
	Schottky Diode	Schottky diode is a diode with low voltage drop
	Varactor / Varicap Diode	Variable capacitance diode
	Tunnel Diode
	Light Emitting Diode (LED)	LED emits light when current flows through
	Photodiode	Photodiode allows current flow when exposed to light

Transistor Symbols

	NPN Bipolar Transistor	Allows current flow when high potential at base (middle)
	PNP Bipolar Transistor	Allows current flow when low potential at base (middle)
	Darlington Transistor	Made from 2 bipolar transistors. Has total gain of the product of each gain.
	JFET-N Transistor	N-channel field effect transistor
	JFET-P Transistor	P-channel field effect transistor
	NMOS Transistor	N-channel MOSFET transistor
	PMOS Transistor	P-channel MOSFET transistor

Misc. Symbols

	Motor	Electric motor
	Transformer	Change AC voltage from high to low or low to high.
	Electric bell	Rings when activated
	Buzzer	Produce buzzing sound
	Fuse	The fuse disconnects when current above threshold. Used to protect circuit from high currents.
	Fuse
	Bus	Contains several wires. Usually for data / address.
	Bus
	Bus
	Optocoupler / Opto-isolator	Optocoupler isolates connection to other board
	Loudspeaker	Converts electrical signal to sound waves
	Microphone	Converts sound waves to electrical signal
	Operational Amplifier	Amplify input signal
	Schmitt Trigger	Operates with hysteresis to reduce noise.
	Analog-to-digital converter (ADC)	Converts analog signal to digital numbers
	Digital-to-Analog converter (DAC)	Converts digital numbers to analog signal
	Crystal Oscillator	Used to generate precise frequency clock signal
⎓	Direct current	Direct current is generated from constant voltage level

Antenna Symbols

	Antenna / aerial	Transmits & receives radio waves
	Antenna / aerial
	Dipole Antenna	Two wires simple antenna

Logic Gates Symbols

	NOT Gate (Inverter)	Outputs 1 when input is 0
	AND Gate	Outputs 1 when both inputs are 1.
	NAND Gate	Outputs 0 when both inputs are 1. (NOT + AND)
	OR Gate	Outputs 1 when any input is 1.
	NOR Gate	Outputs 0 when any input is 1. (NOT + OR)
	XOR Gate	Outputs 1 when inputs are different. (Exclusive OR)
	D Flip-Flop	Stores one bit of data
	Multiplexer / Mux 2 to 1	Connects the output to  selected input line.
	Multiplexer / Mux 4 to 1
	Demultiplexer / Demux 1 to 4	Connects selected output to the input line.

ये प्रतीक विद्युत और इलेक्ट्रॉनिक सर्किट को डिजाइन करने, विश्लेषण करने और समस्या निवारण के लिए आवश्यक उपकरण हैं। इंजीनियर और तकनीशियन बुनियादी इलेक्ट्रॉनिक सर्किट से लेकर जटिल विद्युत प्रणालियों तक विभिन्न अनुप्रयोगों के लिए स्पष्ट और मानकीकृत सर्किट आरेख बनाने के लिए उनका उपयोग करते हैं।